语法要点

一、重点句型

（1）You must be very tired.

表示肯定推测一定正在做某事

must +be doing sth. 一定正在做某事

He must be writing a letter to his parents.

She must be waiting for him.

He must be telling lies.

Must have done sth.

It must have rained last night.

You must have seen this play before.

注意：反义疑问句的形式 

It must have rained last night, didn’t it?

He must have finished his experiment,  haven’t he?

虽然Must  表示肯定推测，但mustn’t  却一定不能表推测。表示不可能的时候我们采用 can’t。

（2）In China students learn English at school as a foreign language, except for those in Hong Kong.

except for结构：表示对一个人或事物先做一个总体评价，然后就其局部提出一点看法，意为“除去……一点以外”，“只是……”

Your composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.

The carpet is good except for its price.

Except for John, the whole class passed the test.

（3）With so many people communicating in English every day,we can see that it will be more and important to have a good knowledge of English.

with +宾语+形容词/副词

He slept with the window open.

He was working there with only a shirt on .

with+宾语+介词短语

The teacher came into the classroom with a book In his hand.

with+宾语+doing

With night coming on, we started for home .

The meeting ended with all singing the International.

with+宾语+done

He went away without a word more spoken.

He stood for an instant with his hand still raised.

With+宾语 +to do

With nothing to do, I went out for a walk.

With machinery to do all the work, they will soon have got in the crops.

二、直接引语和间接引语

祈使句：直接引语是祈使句，变为间接引语时，在原祈使句前加 to 或否定的加 not to 。

人称的变化

He said , “I like it very much.”

He said that he liked it very much.

He said to me , “I’ve left my book in your room.”

He told me that he had left his book in my room.