This session is to introduce observational approaches ranging from unstructured to structured approaches, participant to non-participant observation. Issues such as the advantages and limitations of observation will be discussed through the presentation of a number of research studies which have used observation. This session also provides an introduction to ethnographic approaches, in which the use of participant observation will be discussed and practised in class.

Key Questions:

What to look for in observations?

• Why observations?
• What is the role of an observer?
• How to record observations?
• What do observation data tell us?

session 9 Observation 2012.pptx

Readings:

Bryman, A (2008), Social Research Methods, Oxford University Press, Third Edition. Chapter17 (Ethnography and Participant Observation)

Robson, C (2011). Real World Research. Wiley-Blackwell, Third Edition. Chapter 11 (Observational Methods)

DeWalt, K. and DeWalt, B (2002) Participant Observation: A guide for fieldworkers Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press

Walker, R and Adelman, C (1975) A Guide to Classroom Observation London, Methuen

Walker, R. and Adelman, C. (1975) Interaction analysis in informal classrooms: a critical comment on the Flanders' system British Journal of Educational Psychology 45, 73-76. Reprinted in Martyn Hammersley (ed.) Controversies in Classroom Research Milton Keynes, Open University Press

Atkinson, P., Coffey, A., Delamont, S., Lofland, J. and Lofland, L (2001) (eds.) Handbook of Ethnography London, Sage