过去分词作定语

过去分词作定语与所修饰的词之间有两种关系:从时间上讲,表示动作已经完成;从语态上讲,表示被动的概念。分词作定语有两种形式：它可以放在被修饰的名词之前,称为前置定语；有的放在被修饰的名词之后,称为后置定语。

(1) 前置定语:单个过去分词及由过去分词构成的复合形容词作定语时,通常置于被修饰词之前。如:

the developed countries　发达国家;

well-trained policemen　训练有素的警察

man-made satellites　人造卫星;

invited people 　被邀请的人

We only sell used books.　我们只卖用过的书。

(2) 后置定语:当单个过去分词及由过去分词修饰代词时,需置于被修饰词之后;过去分词短语作定语要后置。如:

Don’t use words, expression_rs or phrases known only to people with specific knowledge.

不要运用只有具有特别知识的人才能懂的词汇和表达方式。

The bridge built last month needs repairing.　

上个月建造的那座桥需要修理。

(3)部分过去分词作定语有的既可前置也可后置，意义不变,但部分过去分词置于被修饰词前后的位置不同,则意义也不相同。如:

All the broken windows have been repaired. =All the windows broken have been repaired. 所有坏了的窗户已经修理好了。

an adopted child 收养的孩子;　a plan adopted 被采纳的方案

(4)分词短语作定语必须置于被修饰词之后,相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。如:

① The first textbooks written for teaching as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. = The first textbooks that(which)were written for teaching as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.

② The Olympic Games, first held in 776 BC, did not include women competitors until1912. = The Olympic Games, which were first held in 776 BC, did not include women competitors until 1912.?

③ The man, having been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory. = The man, who had been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory.　 由于被严重困扰,这个人几乎失去了记忆。

(5)完成体的分词一般不作定语,若要表达完成意义最好用定语从句。如:

我们一般不说:The girl having won the race is my desk mate.

而常这样说:The girl who has won the race is my desk mate.

(6)一些不及物动词的过去分词作定语时在意义上只表完成不表被动。如:

① 表示被动也表示完成:the question discussed yesterday 昨天讨论的问题;the broken glass 碎了的杯子; the person killed last year去年被杀的人

②只表示完成,不表示被动:newly-arrived goods新到的货;fallen leaves落叶;faded flowers凋谢的花1. Travelling at a speed over 400 kilometres per hour, the train can complete the 30-kilometre journey in eight minutes.　 火车以每小时400多公里的时速前进,在8分钟内就完成了30公里的路程。

注意速度speed和介词at的连用。如:

at full speed 　以全速

at a speed of 50 miles per hour　 以每小时五十英里的速度

at the top of one’s speed 　某人以最高速度

at what speed 　以多快的速度